Glycolic Acid
Glycolic Acid Benefits & Features
Exfoliative:As a chemical exfoliant, glycolic acid removes the outermost layer of skin cells.
- Makes the skin feel bright and smooth.
- Reduces fine lines and wrinkles.
- Fades hyperpigmentation
- Maintains your skin’s lipids.
- Allows penetration of ingredients
Humectant: Glycolic acid is also a humectant, which means it attracts and binds water to skin cells. It does this by increasing the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, which are molecules that draw water in the skin.
- Hydrates the skin.
Antibacterial: A 2020 study Trusted Source states (Elba R. Valle-González 1. J.-J., 2020) that, at certain concentrations, glycolic acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria.
- Fights acne
Anti-aging: Glycolic acid can reduce some of the processes that cause visible signs of skin aging.
For example, it can reduce Trusted Source (Mridvika Narda PhD, 2020) sun damage and increase collagen and hyaluronic acid in the skin. These substances give skin elasticity and structure.
Glycolic Acid
Glycolic Acid Info:
INCI: Glycolic Acid
Also known as Hydroxyacetic acid
CAS Number: 79-14-1 ( (wiki)
Appearance: White Powdery solid
Odour: Characteristic
Official CosIng Information:
All Functions: Exfoliant, Buffering
Description: A colorless to white, odorless
and hygroscopic crystalline or powdery solid, highly soluble in water.
Chemical Structure & Chemical compound of Glycolic Acid:
A glycolate is a salt or ester of glycolic acid. AHAs (alpha-hydroxy acids) stand for a whole group of ingredients and glycolic acid is one of them. If you are a chemist geek type, you might want to know that the point of AHAs is that they contain a hydroxy group (-OH) and a carboxylic acid part (HO¬ =0), and these two parts are only one carbon apart (if they are two carbons apart it’s a beta-hydroxy acid).
Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid; chemical formula HOCH2CO2H) is a colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid, highly soluble in water. It is used in various skincare products. Glycolic acid is widespread in nature. A glycolate (sometimes spelled "glycollate") is a salt or ester of glycolic acid. (Wiki)
Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the most minor α-hydroxy acid (AHA). Glycolic acid is associated with sugar crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes. Cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies include glycolic acid in topical products to treat skin conditions or to improve skin texture and appearance.
The acid that cosmetic companies use tends to come from Trusted Sources (Sheau-Chung Tang1, 2018) from a laboratory rather than natural sources. Glycolic acid belongs to a group of acids experts refer to as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs). (Medical News Today) AHAs are popular ingredients in skin care products. Glycolic acid has the most minor molecular structure, which likely allows it to penetrate more profound Trusted Source (Mridvika Narda Ph.D. C. T., 2020) into the skin.
Glycolic acid has the following properties:
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate the skin, glycolic acid finds applications in skin care products, which used to improve the skin's appearance and texture. It may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions. Once applied, glycolic acid reacts with the epidermis's upper layer, weakening the lipids' binding properties that hold the dead skin cells together. This allows the outer skin to "dissolve," revealing, the underlying skin.
Our Product with Glycolic Acid
Looking for ways to achieve flawless and healthy skin with ease? The solution to all your skin woes lies in one superhero ingredient - glycolic acid. Glycolic acid is a great ingredient to reveal fresh, healthy, clear, and radiant skin on the go.
The best way to get maximum benefits of glycolic acid is by using it in a serum form as serums are made with potent formulations and absorb into the skin quickly. We recommend using the ‘Skin Lightening Neck, Elbow, Knee & Ankle Serum’ to even out the skin where excess melanin starts to accumulate. What is melanin? It is a natural pigment that gives your skin its colour. When an excess of it is deposited into the skin, it leads to dark spots and uneven skin.
Dark Skin on the back, neck, knee & Elbows is very common. It’s a form of hyperpigmentation due to the accumulation of excess melanin.
Geeky Research Findings + (SEO searches):
Glycolic Acid Benefits for Face
Now that you know what this super ingredient is, let’s understand the benefits of (Glycolic acid) and why you should consider adding it in your skincare ritual.
Top 8 Glycolic Acid Skin Care Benefits:
Reduces Fine Lines and Wrinkles:
Glycolic acid reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by deeply exfoliating the top layer of skin. This exfoliation accelerates skin cell renewal, and accelerated skin cell renewal both increases collagen production as well as the skin's natural ability to retain hydration (two keys to preventing and reducing fine lines and wrinkles). In a study of the efficacy of glycolic acid for treating wrinkles, (Y Funasaka 1, 2001)researchers found that glycolic acid both reduced the number of wrinkles as well as the length of wrinkles. Glycolic acid exfoliates by dissolving dead skin cells, and this removal of dead skin cells flattens the skin's surface. This flattening effect is what makes fine lines and wrinkles less noticeable.
Note that glycolic acid (along with all other ingredients for fine lines and wrinkles) does not remove fine lines or wrinkles, but rather reduces the appearance of them. Be wary of any marketing that promises to "remove" or "erase" fine lines and wrinkles. If your fine lines and wrinkles seem to "disappear," just know the underlying fine line or wrinkle is still there and will be noticeable again once the glycolic acid effects wear off. This is why consistent application is vital and why it's important to start anti-aging skin care early to prevent fine lines and wrinkles in the first place. Over time, the skin loses its plumpness and elasticity. As a result, fine lines and wrinkles can form. This is a natural process and not necessarily something a person needs to treat. However, for those who choose to, glycolic acid may help.
According to a 2020 study Trusted Source (Journel of cosmetic dermatology), glycolic acid:
- increases skin levels of hyaluronic acid, a substance that helps keep the skin moisturized.
- stimulates the production of collagen, the main structural protein in the skin.
- increases fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation rates, which help Trusted Source (Abigail M Wojtowicz, 2014)with skin repair and regeneration.
- improves quality of elastin, which promotes skin elasticity.
Brightens and Smooths Complexion:
The holy grail of exfoliation, glycolic acid's little molecules go deep beneath your skin's surface and break down bonds between dead skin cells. Glycolic acid brings out your fresh, baby skin that's brighter, smoother, and softer.
Tiny and Mighty:
Glycolic acid is the most famous AHA for anti-aging because it’s the strongest of the alpha hydroxy acids, and when used appropriately, it can produce great results. The strength of glycolic acid (Medicine)comes from its small molecule size (it has one of the petite AHA molecule sizes found in skin care). Glycolic acid’s small molecules penetrate the surface of your skin deeper than other AHAs with larger molecule sizes (like lactic acid). Glycolic acid's deep penetration increases collagen synthesis, which prevents fine lines and wrinkles by increasing the thickness and firmness of your skin.
Increases Penetration of Ingredients: According to a practical approach to chemical peels, (Teo Soleymani, 2018) glycolic acid is the gold standard for removing surface dead skin cells. Glycolic acid exfoliation not only accelerates skin cell rejuvenation, but also allows for deeper penetration of other skin care ingredients. With all the dead skin removed, other skin care products can better penetrate the surface of the skin, work their magic, and give you better results faster. Basically, glycolic acid improves the performance of your other skin care products.
UV damage: Exposure to UV light can cause skin damage. The visible signs of this include: sunspots, hyperpigmentation, wrinkles. Health experts refer to this as photoaging. A 2020 study Trusted Source (Mridvika Narda PhD C. T., 2020) notes that glycolic acid is an effective treatment for sun damage in the skin. A 2018 paper Trusted Source (Sheau-Chung Tang1 2. a.-H., 2018) also reports that glycolic acid has a protective effect against UVB rays, meaning it may help prevent photoaging.
Hydrates Dry Skin:
Glycolic acid not only exfoliates, but also hydrates dry skin. Categorized as a humectant, glycolic acid chemically attracts water molecules to itself. This means glycolic acid can replenish the skin with new, yummy moisture. We love humectants because moisturized skin is healthy skin, but humectants can be a double-edged sword. This is because humectants attract water from two places: from the air (especially if it's humid) and from deeper layers of skin. When it's humid (and there's more moisture in the air than in your skin), humectants will draw that extra water in. This is great! On the flip side, it's a different story. In dryer climates, there's less moisture in the air than in your skin, so humectants will attract what water is available and that means water molecules from within deeper layers of your skin. This is a problem because when your humectant can't draw water from the outside air into your skin, your humectant is instead only bringing moisture from deep within your skin to the skin's surface where it's at risk of quickly evaporating off your face into the dry air. To avoid this, apply another moisturizer or cream that's more occlusive (thicker) than your glycolic acid product on top. This occlusive layer will help prevent any hydration from leaving your skin (trap it in). Don't ignore this critical step! We want to avoid glycolic acid unintentionally drying out the skin and doing more harm than good.
Fades Hyperpigmentation:
Glycolic acid fades mild hyperpigmentation like dark spots, age spots, freckles, and melasma. Additionally, glycolic acid has been studied as effective treatment of acne scars. (BS Chandrashekar, 2015)How? Hyperpigmentation is darkest on the surface of your skin, and the skin underneath is less pigmented. Glycolic acid exfoliates and removes darker dead skin cells from your skin’s surface revealing a fresh layer of skin with a more even skin tone. With consistent use, this process effectively fades hyperpigmentation.
Fights Acne:
- EXFOLIATES & UNCLOGS PORES
Glycolic acid fights acne by exfoliating dead skin cells that often clog pores and trigger breakouts. Glycolic acid is keratolytic, meaning it has the ability to break apart dead skin cells on the skin's surface and open any clogged pores. In a current review of glycolic acid peel therapy (Sharad, 2013)glycolic acid has been shown to reduce existing acne and maintain clear skin by peeling away dead skin cells that clog pores and trigger breakouts.
- ACNE
Older research from 1999 Trusted Source (L Atzori 1, 1999) examined the effect of a peel containing 70% glycolic acid on 80 females with acne. The research found that it quickly improved all types of acne, particularly comedonal acne, which occurs when pores become clogged with oil and dead skin cells.
It is of note, however, that this strength of glycolic acid is only available as a chemical peel. Over the counter (OTC) glycolic acid products are not Trusted Source (Elba R. Valle-González 1. J., 2020)this strong.
- WARTS
Warts are small, hard growths on the skin that occur due to viruses.
An older 2011 study Trusted Source (Rachael L. Moore, Virginie de Schaetzen, Marissa Joseph, & al, 2012) tested the effectiveness of a 15% glycolic acid treatment in 31 HIV-positive children with warts. The results indicate that the treatment helped flatten and normalize the color of the warts, but it only completely cleared them in 10% of the participants.
Other research from 2011 Trusted Source (Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira, 2011)evaluated the effectiveness of a gel containing 15% glycolic acid and 2% salicylic acid in 20 people with warts. The research found that the gel worked very well.
However, both these studies were small, and therefore, more research is necessary to confirm these findings.
Treatment Regime/TIPS:
Choosing the Right Skin Treatment (glycolic acid):
The glycolic acid treatment you choose depends a lot on your skin type and what your end goals are. OTC products with glycolic acid might be enough to give you brighter, more healthy-looking skin. They might also be enough to prevent breakouts and reduce fine lines without the need for stronger pro peels. Professional skin peels are a good option if you want to treat a specific skin issue. For example, professional peels can help with sun damage, dark spots, acne, or deeper wrinkles. They will give you greater results more quickly. But because these peels contain higher percents of glycolic acid, they carry a greater risk of irritation.
When choosing any glycolic acid treatment, the percent of glycolic acid it contains is just one factor to think about. The product's pH is the other. The more acidic a product is, the stronger and more effective it will be on your skin despite how much glycolic acid it contains.
Granted, most skincare products only list the percent of glycolic acid used. They are not required to list the pH, which makes it a bit harder to compare products.
How to use:
Before trying glycolic acid, it is important to seek guidance from a healthcare professional, such as a dermatologist, particularly if a person has an ongoing skin condition.
Glycolic acid is not suitable for everyone. A healthcare professional will be able to advise on whether the product is right for a person.
It is also important to wait until any broken or sun-burned skin has healed before applying glycolic acid to the area.
When a person is ready to try glycolic acid, they should do the following:
Do a patch test: Try the product on a small area of skin that is not on the face. That way, it is possible to see whether the skin will tolerate it. If no symptoms occur, apply it to the face.
Start slowly: It is best to start with a low strength of glycolic acid, using it infrequently at first. If the skin feels smoother and shows no signs of an adverse reaction, a person can slowly increase their use following the instructions on the product label. Do not use it more often than the label or a doctor advises.
Choose one product: There is no need to use an entire line of skin care that contains glycolic acid. One product is enough to get the benefits. Introducing one new product at a time also allows a person to see whether it is working.
Use at night: Glycolic acid increases the risk of sunburn, which is why some prefer to use it at night.
Apply sunscreen: Always apply sunscreen as the last step in the routine before going outside while using AHAs. The FDA Trusted Source (Sunscreen ) advises wearing a sunscreen daily during the treatment and for at least 1 week afterward.(SOURCES: Last medically reviewed on April 27, 2022
- Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations)
Don't use glycolic acid, even OTC products, if you are currently using topical retinoids, like Retin-A (tretinoin) or Differin (adapalene), Accutane (isotretinoin), or any products that rapidly exfoliate the skin.
Most importantly, if you're under a dermatologist's care, make sure you get their OK before using any glycolic acid product or having a peel done.
Precaution:
All chemical exfoliants have some risks. They include the following:
UV damage:
AHAs may reduce the signs of sun damage. However, because AHAs also remove the top layer of skin cells, they leave the cells underneath more vulnerable to further sun damage.
For this reason, it is essential to wear sunscreen every day Trusted Source (FDA) before going outside and for 1 week after stopping glycolic acid use. A person will also need to avoid tanning beds.
Irritation:
Some people may have reactions to products containing glycolic acid. They may experience:
Symptoms such as burning are not a sign that the product is working. If any of the above occur, wash the product off and discontinue use. These symptoms may also occur if:
- a person uses glycolic acid that is too strong.
- they use it too frequently.
- they use it near the eyes.
If glycolic acid gets in the eyes, rinse them under clean running water immediately.
Hyperpigmentation:
Glycolic acid can be an effective ingredient for reducing hyperpigmentation.
However, strong or irritating skin care products can also cause hyperpigmentation. It is especially important for people who are prone to hyperpigmentation to use nonirritating, gentle exfoliants.
Frequently Asked Questions:
- What does glycolic acid do to your face?
Glycolic acid works to exfoliate the skin, speed up cell turnover, and boost collagen production. Glycolic acid helps to clear pores, smooth fine wrinkles, improve skin tone, fade dark patches, and sun damage, and hydrate skin for a more youthful appearance.
- Is it safe to use glycolic acid every day?
Not at first. Glycolic acid can irritate your skin, and it may take a while for your skin to get used to it.
Start by applying it three times a week. If your skin isn’t red or irritated, apply it four times the following week. Slowly increase the number of days you use glycolic acid as your skin begins to tolerate it.
If your skin starts to become irritated at any time, take a break from using glycolic acid until the redness and irritation clear.
- Does glycolic acid treat scars?
No. Despite marketing claims, there is no scientific evidence to support the use of glycolic acid to eliminate scars. Glycolic acid may help soften the appearance of scars, but it will not make them disappear.
- What should you know before using glycolic acid?
Glycolic acid can make your skin more sensitive to the sun. It is essential to wear sunscreen outdoors when using glycolic acid.
Do not use topical retinoids and glycolic acid at the same time. Avoid using other products that rapidly exfoliate the skin while using glycolic acid. If you currently see a dermatologist, talk to them before using any products that contain glycolic acid.
- What percent glycolic acid is most effective?
between 5 and 10 percent
First, it should be formulated at a pH between 3 and 4, which is considered the optimal range for it to exfoliate. Concentration matters, too; amounts between 5 and 10 percent of glycolic acid are ideal (though there are more intense, rinse-off peels with higher concentrations of AHAs you can use at home).
- What is glycolic acid and how does it work?
Glycolic acid is a substance that chemically exfoliates the skin by dissolving dead skin cells and oils. It is naturally present in certain plants, such as beets, sugarcane, and some fruits. Due to its properties, it is also a popular ingredient in skin care products.
- What are the benefits of glycolic acid for skin?
Reduces fine lines and wrinkles, Hydrates the skin, Makes the skin feel bright and smooth, Fades hyperpigmentation, Fights acne,
Allows penetration of ingredients, Maintains your skin's lipids.
- What is glycolic acid made of?
Glycolic acid is a type of alpha-hydroxy acid (or AHA) that's derived from sugar cane. It joins other acids you might recognize, such as lactic acid (derived from sour milk and purportedly a favorite of Cleopatra's), tartaric acid (from grapes), and citric acid—which, you might guess, comes from citrus fruits.
- Does glycolic acid remove dark spots?
One of the top benefits of glycolic acid is its remarkable ability to fade dark spots, age spots, and melasma. Hyperpigmentation mainly impacts the top layer of skin. When glycolic acid is applied, it removes and exfoliates the darkest skin cells to reveal fresh, more even-toned skin underneath.
- Is glycolic good for your face?
Glycolic acid is a fantastic anti-aging agent that seems to do it all. It's very effective at exfoliating skin and reducing fine lines, preventing acne, fading dark spots, increasing skin thickness, and evening out skin tone and texture. So it's no surprise that you'll find it in many cult skin care products.
- Does glycolic acid make skin glow?
Glycolic acid makes skin glow
Unlike harsh scrubs, they work by gently dissolving the “glue” that makes old skin cells stick to the epidermis, revealing radiant, glowing skin, says Dr. Bhanusali.
- Is glycolic acid good for skin whitening?
Glycolic acid won't lighten or whiten your skin tone because it isn't a skin-lightening (as in whitening) substance. However, glycolic acid does remove dark spots and hyperpigmentation, making it a secure element to balance out and brighten your skin.
- Is glycolic good for dark skin?
One of the most popular AHAs, glycolic acid, is still suitable for dark skin according to the founder of the Black Skin Directory Dija Ayodele – but darker skin tones must ensure they don't overuse these treatments and take care to utilize them correctly. Start with a low %. Always patch test and listen to your skin.
- What percentage of glycolic acid is effective?
Concentration matters, too; amounts between 5 and 10 percent of glycolic acid are ideal (though there are more intense, rinse-off peels with higher concentrations of AHAs you can use at home.
- Does glycolic acid lighten scars?
Glycolic acid also has an uncanny ability to exfoliate skin and reduce the rough or raised appearance of a scar, creating a smoother, flatter, less visible scar over time. Plus, glycolic acid can reduce the discoloration of acne scars as well.
- Can I leave glycolic acid on my face overnight?
You can leave it on your face overnight and let it absorb into your skin. Wash it out the next day with water. However, remember that this can cause sun sensitivity and even aggravate acne in a few cases.
- How long should I use glycolic acid?
To clear blackheads, glycolic acid can take 3-4 weeks to take effect for clearer, congestion-free skin. This is because it takes time and repeated use for glycolic acid to break down pore-blocking dead skin cells and debris for clearer skin that doesn't have any congestion.
- Why is my skin peeling after glycolic acid toner?
When you first start to use retinols or AHAs (like glycolic and lactic acid) a certain amount of skin peeling is normal and to be expected. This is essentially your dull, dead, and surface skin cells shedding away — to reveal the brighter skin underneath.
- How long does glycolic acid lighten skin?
A multipurpose molecule, it works as an exfoliant, reduces pigmentation and builds up collagen in the skin. Though you will start noticing its effects within a few weeks, the real results kick in after 6-8 months of continuous usage.
- What are the sources of glycolic acid?
Glycolic acid can be isolated from natural sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe and unripe grapes. Glycolic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical process that may require less energy.
- Does glycolic acid improve skin tone?
Glycolic acid is mainly used to even out skin tone and to reduce the signs of skin aging. It can also help reduce hyperpigmentation or darkened skin spots, including sun damage and acne marks. brighten your complexion.
- Can I apply glycolic acid directly on my face?
There are three ways glycolic acid can be used in a skincare routine: as a face wash, as a toner, and as a mask. You should decide between using glycolic acid as a wash or as a toner every day, because they both have lower concentrations that are meant for daily use, then add a glycolic acid mask weekly.
- Why use glycolic acid at night?
"Skin cell turnover is at its greatest at night, so applying glycolic acid before bed enhances a process that happens naturally at that time. Make sure to apply sunscreen in the morning, because glycolic acid can increase your risk of sunburn."
- How do you know if glycolic acid is working?
Your skin may feel a bit rough after your first few treatments. This is normal and just means that the glycolic acid is working. Unless your skin is irritated, keep using your glycolic acid product. You should slowly start to see smoother, more healthy skin.
- What not to mix with glycolic acid?
AHAs and BHAs, such as glycolic, salicylic, and lactic acids should never be used with Vitamin C. Vitamin C is an acid, too, and is unstable, so the pH balance will be thrown off by layering these ingredients together and might as well be useless.
- What happens when you use glycolic acid for the first time?
“Your skin will feel tingly when you first use glycolic acid. It can cause mild redness and irritation on initial use as it is able to reach a deeper layer of the skin relatively quickly because of its molecular size,” says Farber.
- How long does it take for glycolic acid to start working?
AHAs (glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid) and BHAs (salicylic acid): You can start seeing results within minutes of the first application, but peak results — such as anti-aging effects — don't appear until 12 weeks.
- How long leave glycolic acid on face?
Glycolic peels can be left on for three to ten minutes. These peels provide all the same benefits of a glycolic peel because they contain glycolic acids. That's the 'alpha' portion of an alpha/beta peel.
- What is the best way to use glycolic acid on face?
To apply: After you've cleansed, soak a cotton pad in the solution and spend a few minutes sweeping it over and pressing it into skin. Allow to fully absorb before applying your serum and moisturizer.
- What serums can be mixed with glycolic acid?
One ingredient that can be layered with glycolic acid with no worry of irritation is hyaluronic acid as this humectant can instantly hydrate the skin and aid replenishment, this is an ideal teammate for glycolic acid as it avoids any chances of the skin feeling tight, dry or irritated.
- Does glycolic acid work for wrinkles?
“Glycolic acid stimulates fibroblasts in the dermis to produce increased amounts of collagen,” says Dr. Howe. And by stimulating collagen production, it helps skin feel firmer and minimizes fine lines and wrinkles.
- Does glycolic acid tighten pores?
Glycolic acid's ability to boost collagen production is great news for those prone to enlarged pores. Applications of a glycolic acid-based lotion, gel, or a glycolic acid toner are all excellent actions to stimulate that collagen production and shrink the appearance of pesky pores.
- Can I apply moisturizer after glycolic acid?
Glycolic acid exfoliates and hydrates the skin, but it can irritate or dry out sensitive skin. Always follow your glycolic acid application with an additional light moisturizer to reduce the effects of dryness and irritation on the skin.
Suggested Research Papers for Further Reading:
M Fartasch 1, J. T. (1997, 06). Mode of action of glycolic acid on human stratum corneum: ultrastructural and functional evaluation of the epidermal barrier. Mode of action of glycolic acid on human stratum corneum: ultrastructural and functional evaluation of the epidermal barrier. doi:10.1007/s004030050212
Medicine, N. L. (n.d.). Glycolic Acid. Pubchem. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Glycolic-acid
Mridvika Narda PhD, C. T.-C. (2020, 06 24). Glycolic acid adjusted to pH 4 stimulates collagen production and epidermal renewal without affecting levels of proinflammatory TNF-alpha in human skin explants. Glycolic acid adjusted to pH 4 stimulates collagen production and epidermal renewal without affecting levels of proinflammatory TNF-alpha in human skin explants. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13570
References:
- BS Chandrashekar, K. A. (2015, 04). Retinoic acid and glycolic acid combination in the treatment of acne scars. Retinoic acid and glycolic acid combination in the treatment of acne scars. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.153007
- Elba R. Valle-González, 1. J.-J. (2020, 05 04). pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations. Sci Rep. 2020; 10: 7491. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64545-9
- Elba R. Valle-González, 1. J.-J. (2020, 05 04). pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations. PMC7198592. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64545-9
- L Atzori 1, M. A. (1999, 03). Glycolic acid peeling in the treatment of acne. (I. Clinica Dermatologica Universita di Cagliari, Ed.) Glycolic acid peeling in the treatment of acne.
- M Fartasch 1, J. T. (1997, 06). Mode of action of glycolic acid on human stratum corneum: ultrastructural and functional evaluation of the epidermal barrier. Mode of action of glycolic acid on human stratum corneum: ultrastructural and functional evaluation of the epidermal barrier. doi:10.1007/s004030050212
- Medicine, N. L. (n.d.). Glycolic Acid. Pubchem. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Glycolic-acid
- Mridvika Narda PhD, C. T.-C. (2020, 06 24). Glycolic acid adjusted to pH 4 stimulates collagen production and epidermal renewal without affecting levels of proinflammatory TNF-alpha in human skin explants. Glycolic acid adjusted to pH 4 stimulates collagen production and epidermal renewal without affecting levels of proinflammatory TNF-alpha in human skin explants. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13570
- Sharad, J. (2013, 11 11). Glycolic acid peel therapy – a current review. Glycolic acid peel therapy – a current review. doi:10.2147/CCID.S34029
- Sheau-Chung Tang1, 2. a.-H. (2018, 04 10). Dual Effects of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids on the Skin. doi:10.3390/molecules23040863
- Teo Soleymani, M. a. (2018, 08 01). A Practical Approach to Chemical Peels. A Practical Approach to Chemical Peels. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6122508/
- wiki. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409373
- Y Funasaka 1, H. S. (2001, 08 27). The efficacy of glycolic acid for treating wrinkles: analysis using newly developed facial imaging systems equipped with fluorescent illumination. The efficacy of glycolic acid for treating wrinkles: analysis using newly developed facial imaging systems equipped with fluorescent illumination. doi:10.1016/s0923-1811(01)00119-0
- Abigail M Wojtowicz, P. S. (2014, 03 17). The importance of both fibroblasts and keratinocytes in a bilayered living cellular construct used in wound healing. The importance of both fibroblasts and keratinocytes in a bilayered living cellular construct used in wound healing. doi:10.1111/wrr.12154
- BS Chandrashekar, K. A. (2015, 04). Retinoic acid and glycolic acid combination in the treatment of acne scars. Retinoic acid and glycolic acid combination in the treatment of acne scars. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.153007
- Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira, M. a.-B. (2011, 09). Glycolic Acid 15% Plus Salicylic Acid 2%. Glycolic Acid 15% Plus Salicylic Acid 2%. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3175803/
- Elba R. Valle-González, 1. J. (2020, 05 04). pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations. PMC7198592. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64545-9
- Elba R. Valle-González, 1. J. (2020, 05 04). pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations. PMC7198592. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64545-9
- Elba R. Valle-González, 1. J.-J. (2020, 05 04). pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations. Sci Rep. 2020; 10: 7491. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64545-9
- (n.d.). FDA. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/media/101373/download
- (n.d.). glycolic acid. Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/glycolic-acid-15774
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