Ceramide

Ceramaide

Ceramide Benefits & Features

  • Ceramides are essential for the integrity of the stratum corneum’s barrier function.  (Emine Kahraman, 2019)
  • Ceramides are the major lipid constituent of lamellar sheets present in the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum. (Luisa Coderch, 2012)
  • The intercellular lipid domain comprises equal concentrations of free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides. (Luisa Coderch, 2012)
  • Ceramides comprise long-chain sphingoid bases linked to long-chain free fatty acids via amide bonds.  (Emine Kahraman, 2019)
  • Variations in Ceramides species within this layer have been linked to most skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, some genetic disorders, dry skin, psoriasis and xerosis.
  • Most skin disorders with a diminished barrier function present a decrease in total ceramide content with some differences in the ceramide pattern. (Luisa Coderch, 2012)
  • Ceramide ingredients function primarily as skin & hair conditioning agents miscellaneous in cosmetics. These ingredients are produced synthetically.  (Christina L. Burnett, December 18, 2014)
  • The researchers thought these disorders could be improved and increased ceramide levels by replacing them through topical applications.  (Emine Kahraman, 2019)
  • All the phytoceramides ("Phyto" means plants) improved the recovery rate of the damaged stratum corneum and enhanced hydration as they have a similar lipid structure to the ceramides found in our skin. (Myoung Jin Oh, 2017)
  • Phytoceramides could represent a novel class of ceramides for cosmetic applications in developing an ideal skin barrier moisturiser. (Myoung Jin Oh, 2017)
  • Phytoceramides-rich dietary items include wheat germ, spinach, beetroot, and brown rice. Green leafy vegetables, mostly kale, broccoli, mustard greens and spinach, will help keep the skin healthy and are a rich source of ceramides. Source: Natural Ayurvedic Treatment
  • Sphingolipids, which can boost the levels of ceramides, are present in large amounts in eggs, dairy products, and soybeans.  Source: Natural Ayurvedic Treatment
  • Ceramide is present in hair cuticles to protect and strengthen internal components of hair.  (Jee Hye Oh, 2019 )
  • It has recently been reported that ceramide can affect hair loss prevention and growth enhancement by affecting cell growth and cell survival.  (Jee Hye Oh, 2019 )
  • A decreased ceramide content in the lipid barrier of the skin characterizes most skin barrier disorders in inflammatory diseases such as acne. (Chuck W. Lynde, 2014)
  • Optimal skin care, such as using ceramide-containing moisturisers as an adjunct to acne treatment, improves skin condition, reducing irritation and inflammation. This may result in a more rapid improvement in acne and skin condition. (Chuck W. Lynde, 2014)
  • Ceramide I, II, III, IV, V, and VI diminish with dryness.  (Emine Kahraman, 2019)
  • Ceramide-containing skin-care products claim to increase the skin’s hydration level, repair the cutaneous barrier, prevent moisture loss, and reduce dry and flaky skin. (Qihong Zhang C. R., 2015)

Ceramide Info:

 

INCI names: Ceramide EOP, Ceramide NS/Ceramide NG, Ceramide NP, Ceramide AS and Ceramide AP. (Christina L. Burnett, December 18, 2014)

All functions: Skin and hair conditioning agents.  (Christina L. Burnett, December 18, 2014)

 

Ceramide ingredients function primarily as hair conditioning agents and skin conditioning agents miscellaneous in cosmetics. These ingredients are produced synthetically.  (Christina L. Burnett, December 18, 2014)

Naturally, Ceramide can also be found in the skin. There are two groups:

 

Rosehip Seed

NMFs (Natural Moisturizing Factor): things that can be found inside the keratinocytes (skin cells) and help our skin to bind water. Glycerin or hyaluronic acid are famous NMFs. They are super-duper important in keeping the skin nicely hydrated.

SC (Stratum Corneum - the outer layer of the skin) Lipids: between the skin cells, there is a stuff called the extracellular matrix. It consists mainly of lipids and is super-duper important for a healthy skin barrier. Ceramides, cholesterol, and fatty acids are essential SC lipids.

Structure of Ceramides:

Ceramides are predominant lipid components of the stratum corneum and comprise 30–40% of the stratum corneum lipids by mass. They are composed of long-chain sphingoid bases (dihydrosphingosine, sphingosine, phytosphingosine or 6-hydroxy sphingosine), which are linked to long-chain free fatty acids (non-hydroxy fatty acids, α-hydroxy fatty acids or ester-linked ω-hydroxy fatty acids) via amide bonds. Hence, the head groups in ceramides include hydroxyl groups that can form inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The number of hydroxyl groups in the head group of ceramides is essential for the integrity of the stratum corneum’s barrier function.

 

Considering the chemical structure of ceramides, they are highly lipophilic compounds because the ratio of long-chain fatty acids to the hydrophilic head part is high. As such, ceramides are poorly water-soluble compounds. Also, ceramides are compounds with high molecular weight. Because of the physicochemical characteristics of ceramides, the percutaneous absorption of these compounds is limited when topically applied to the skin. Besides this issue, ceramides exhibit polymorphic characteristics, which resulted in some questions during the fabrication of ceramide formulations.  (Emine Kahraman, 2019)

Geeky Research Finding:

What is Ceramide?

 

Ceramides are the major lipid constituent of lamellar sheets present in the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum. These lamellar sheets are thought to provide the barrier property of the epidermis. The intercellular lipid domain comprises approximately equimolar (having equal molar concentration) concentrations of free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides. (Luisa Coderch, 2012)

The mammalian skin is a multilayered tissue designed to protect the body against undesired influences from the external environment. The main barrier, which is in the upper layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), consists of dead cells enclosed by hydrophobic crystalline lipid lamellar regions since the lipids form the only continuous part of the stratum corneum and are essential for the skin barrier function. (J.A Bouwstra, 1999)

Ceramides are a structurally heterogeneous (varying) and complex group of sphingolipids (a type of lipid comprised of a sphingoid base (e.g., sphingosine and ceramides) and sugar residue) containing derivatives of sphingosine bases in amide linkage with a variety of fatty acids. (Luisa Coderch, 2012)

The main lipid classes in stratum corneum are free fatty acids (FFA), cholesterol (CHOL) and ceramides (CER). Stratum corneum ceramides consist of at least six ceramides (CER (1–6)) that differ from each other by the head group architecture and by the mean fatty acid chain length. The fatty acid esterified to the amide of the (phyto)sphingosine head group can be either α-hydroxy or non-hydroxy fatty acid. Differences in chain length, type and extent of hydroxylation, saturation etc., are responsible for the heterogeneity of the epidermal sphingolipids.(J.A Bouwstra, 1999)

(Luisa Coderch, 2012)

Variations in Ceramides species within this layer have been linked to several skin diseases associated with compromised permeability barriers functions, such as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and some genetic disorders, psoriasis and xerosis. (Qihong Zhang, 2022) The link between skin disorders and changes in barrier lipid composition, especially in ceramides, is challenging to prove because of the many variables involved. However, most skin disorders with a diminished barrier function present a decrease in total ceramide content with some differences in the ceramide pattern.

The researchers thought these disorders could be improved by replacing decreased ceramide levels. Therefore, topical applications, including conventional and novel carrier systems, have been formulated by diverse researchers. (Emine Kahraman, 2019)

Research stated that all the phytoceramides ("Phyto" means plants) improved the recovery rate of the damaged stratum corneum and enhanced hydration as they have a similar lipid structure to the ceramides found in our skin and may help replenish ceramide stores. The Natural oil-derived phytoceramides could represent a novel class of ceramides for cosmetic applications in developing an ideal skin barrier moisturiser. (Myoung Jin Oh, 2017)

Natural ceramides are found at trace levels in animals and plants, and their isolation for use in skin care products. Several investigators have attempted to prepare synthetic pseudo-ceramides as it is tedious and expensive. These compounds are pseudo-ceramides because their molecules do not contain a sphingol structure. Studies show that synthetic pseudo-ceramide exhibits water-retaining properties like those of natural lipids. (Osamu Morita, 2009)

Ceramide Serum benefits:

Stratum corneum ceramides play a crucial role in structuring and maintaining the water permeability barrier function of the skin. A decrease in total ceramide content has been noted in most skin disorders with diminished barrier function. In diseased skin, lipid composition is characterized by decreased levels of ceramide and altered ceramide profiles. Topical application of ceramide formulations has been claimed to alleviate skin disorders caused by diminished barrier function. (Osamu Morita, 2009)

The affected skin of atopic individuals is deficient in natural moisturizing factors or ceramides. Avoidance of triggering factors, optimal skin care, and topical applications are the mainstays of therapy for different types of skin disorders. There are two important dermatologic facets to its management, namely, preventive and therapeutic measures. Preventive measures refer to the frequent and proper application of skin moisturizers. When these preventive measures fail to control disease exacerbation, therapeutic measures such as topical applications, antibiotics, and immunomodulating agents may be required to handle skin inflammation. Proper moisturizer therapy can reduce the frequency of flares. Regular topical application of a moisturizer or Serum is the key to managing skin disorders. Moisturizers, Serums, and Topical skin products are targeted to correct the reduced number of ceramides in the skin with ceramide and pseudo-ceramide derivatives. (L. Hon & K.C. Leung, 2013)

Ceramide Natural sources:

Phytoceramides are plant-derived ceramides in many foods, especially wheat flour. Sphingolipids, which can boost the levels of ceramides, are present in large amounts in eggs, dairy products, and soybeans.

Phytoceramides-rich dietary items include wheat germ, spinach, beetroot, and brown rice.

Green leafy vegetables, mostly kale, broccoli, mustard greens and spinach, will help keep the skin healthy and are a rich source of ceramides.

Jojoba oil, Sunflower oil, Grape seed oil, Poppy seed oil, Sunflower oil, Hemp oil, Corn oil, Wheat germ oil, Cottonseed oil, Soyabean oil, Walnut oil, Sesame oil, Rice bran oil, Peanut oil, Linseed oil & Olive oil are the natural source of ceramides.

Ceramide benefits for Skin:

A properly functioning stratum corneum (SC) is essential for healthy skin. The stratum corneum employs several natural systems to maintain integrity to keep water in or on the skin. One of these systems is the natural moisturising factor (NMF), which predominates free amino acids, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA), urocanic acid, lactic acid and urea. The NMF components are highly efficient humectants that attract and bind water from the atmosphere, drawing it into the corneocytes. (Fabrizio Spada, 2018:)

The structure of the stratum corneum is arranged of flattened corneocytes embedded in a lipid-enriched extracellular matrix, organised into parallel stacks of lamellar bilayers. These water-repellent lamellar bilayers are composed of a blend of ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol and restrict not only the outward flow of water and electrolytes but the inward absorption of chemical substances, allergens and microbial pathogens. Further, sebum is produced by the sebaceous glands, forming a film over the top of the skin.  (Fabrizio Spada, 2018:)

The skin is an effective barrier mainly due to the structure of the stratum corneum, its outermost layer. Ceramides are the main lipids in the stratum corneum, which play a key role in the barrier function. Alterations of ceramides or stratum corneum lipid composition result in skin disorders with barrier defects, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, dry skin etc.

Atopic Dermatitis: Atopic dermatitis is a dermatological disorder characterised by dry skin, pruritus, increased TEWL, and decreased skin barrier function. The scientific study said that the long-chain ceramide I decreased by 52% in atopic dermatitis. In addition, ceramide V in non-lesioned skin parts was raised, and ceramides I and III were reduced in lesioned skin parts.

Psoriasis:

In this skin disorder where barrier defects occur & revealed the relation between ceramide composition and TEWL in psoriatic and healthy skin. According to results, ceramide I, III, IV, V, and VI reduced TEWL increased in all psoriatic scales. (Emine Kahraman, 2019)

Oily Skin:

Ceramide is an essential phospholipid ingredient that organizes the horny layers, protecting the skin. The topical applying ceramide penetrates the lipid layers of the horny layers & prevents the skin from drying, improves skin troubles, and keeps the skin healthy for a long time. The quantity of ceramide is especially relevant to the skin barrier function, which prevents horny layers from evaporating.

Moisturizers provide functional skin benefits, such as making the skin smooth and soft, (Anisha Sethi, 2016 )

(MD, 2023)

Acne:

It is considered that altered ceramide values are also effective on acne. Because of high-level TEWL in acne, altered ceramide could have a role in this point. Decreased ceramide aggravates the symptoms, especially in winter months. Seasonal changes in the amount of ceramide are exposed by increasing TEWL. On the other hand, healthy skin has high-level ceramide VI and VIII providing adaptation to environmental conditions in winter months. (Min-Su Kwon, 2005 )(MD, 2023)

Increasing and balanced skin hydration and improving optical skin characteristics; however, moisturizers also function as vehicles to deliver ingredients to the skin. 

Ceramides are ideal for all skin types, even the most sensitive, breakout-prone, and oily skin. Using a ceramide-infused moisturizer for oily skin can go a long way to help nourish and strengthen the skin barrier without making the skin nongreasy, non-comedogenic. (MD, 2023)

Ceramide moisturizer for Dry skin:

The lipid envelope and other organisations keep the moisturising balance under control and reduce TEWL. Although supplementary products do not moisturise the skin, hydration content is preserved in skin layers. With decreasing ceramide levels in the skin, the barrier function of lipid envelopes becomes incapacitated. Compared to dry and normal skin, ceramide I, II, III, IV, V, and VI diminish with dryness, while Ceramides are at a high level in normal skin.

Ceramides have been incorporated into conventional and novel carrier systems for topical delivery of ceramides to repair the skin’s barrier function. However, the penetration of ceramides into deeper layers of the skin is also controversial because of their high molecular weight and highly lipophilic character. Thus, in recent years, researchers have focused on developing novel carrier systems, such as microemulsions, to improve the potential for topical delivery of Ceramides through the skin.  (Emine Kahraman, 2019)

Ceramide for Hair:

Experimental evidence says that oxidative stress plays a major role in aging. With age, the production of free radicals increases while the endogenous defense mechanisms decrease. This imbalance leads to the progressive damage of cellular structures, presumably resulting in the ageing phenotype. Ageing of hair manifests as a decrease in melanocyte function or greying and a reduction in hair production or alopecia. There is circumstantial evidence that oxidative stress may be a key mechanism contributing to hair grey and loss. (Trüeb, Jan)

A recent study has revealed that ceramide potentially affects hair growth in a mouse model. However, the role of ceramide in human dermal papilla cells, known to play an essential role in hair growth, has yet to be well understood.

Ceramide is the most important intracellular lipid that constitutes the lipid layer of hair cuticle along with fatty acid and cholesterol. Ceramide is a component of intercellular lipids present in hair cuticles to protect and strengthen internal components of hair. A study has shown that ceramide antagonistically affects cell growth and cell survival. However, it has recently been reported that ceramide can affect hair loss prevention and growth enhancement. Ceramide synthase 4 is vital in maintaining epidermal stem cell stability and regulating the hair cycle. Research suggests synthetic ceramides stimulate hair growth by induction proliferation of human dermal papilla cells.  (Jee Hye Oh, 2019 )

Ceramides for skin barrier:

Human skin is the body’s largest organ, accounting for 16% of total weight and having an area of 1.8 m2. It prevents excessive water loss from the body. It helps to maintain the immune system and protects the organism against microorganisms, ultraviolet radiation, toxic substances and mechanical damage, creating a physical barrier between environmental conditions and the body. The human skin is a multi-layered membrane. They are from deep to superficial Hypodermis (subcutaneous or subcutis), Dermis, and Epidermis (upper skin). The epidermis is composed of five layers. From deep to superficial, these layers are:

  1. Basal layer (stratum germinativum)

  2. Prickle layer (stratum spinosum)

  3. Granular layer (stratum granulosum)

  4. Stratum lucidum

  5. Stratum corneum.

The stratum corneum consists of a lipid matrix and 15–20 layers of flattened dead cells (corneocytes) embedded in this lipid matrix.  (Emine Kahraman, 2019)

The intercellular lipids of the Stratum corneum layer are arranged into lamellar layers consisting of cholesterol, free fatty acids, approximately ceramides (CERs) and sterol/wax esters. It is essential for maintaining skin barrier function and preventing transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Stratum corneum prevents TEWL and hydrates corneocytes for continuity of enzymatic reactions enabling desquamation and its effective barrier characteristics. (Emine Kahraman, 2019)

The water is a plasticiser that imparts an elastic property to corneocyte proteins. When the water is deprived of the skin, the corneocyte proteins become more fragile, and the skin tends to crack with mechanical stress. Thus, the natural barrier of the stratum corneum is damaged with a decrease in skin hydration and an increase in TEWL.   (Emine Kahraman, 2019)

The skin is an effective barrier mainly due to the structure of the stratum corneum, its outermost layer. The stratum corneum comprises keratinised cells (corneocytes) embedded in the lipid matrix. Ceramides are the main lipids in the stratum corneum, which play a key role in the barrier function. Ceramides or stratum corneum lipid composition alterations result in skin disorders with barrier defects such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, dry skin and ichthyoses. In recent years, Ceramides have been incorporated into the topical delivery of Ceramides to repair the skin's barrier function.  (Emine Kahraman, 2019)

Ceramide vs Collagen:

The skin acts as a primary barrier protecting the body from the external environment and preventing water loss from the body. In particular, the stratum corneum (SC, the uppermost layer of the skin) is crucial for the skin barrier function. The structure of the Stratum Corneum is generally described by the “brick and mortar” model, in which corneocytes and intercellular lipids represent bricks and mortar, respectively. The Stratum corneum contains a complex mixture of low-molecular-weight, water-soluble compounds termed natural moisturising factors (NMFs). (Kyoungmi Jung, 2021)

NMF consists of hydrophilic amino acids (AAs) and their derivatives (AADs), which contribute to establishing a rise in water in the stratum corneum. The intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum play an essential role in regulating the water content. The major skin lipids are ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids (FAs). Ceramides are the most important lipids that form this permeability barrier. Reductions in the NMF and ceramide contents lead to dry skin due to an increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and a decrease in the flexibility of the stratum corneum.  (Kyoungmi Jung, 2021)

Dry skin accelerates skin ageing due to weakening the skin barrier and aggravates different types of dry skin diseases. Dry skin becomes more evident with advancing age and is accompanied by decreases in the NMF and ceramide contents. Several studies have shown that applying products containing humectants and physiological lipids helps protect against skin deficiency in ceramides and NMF. This finding implies that increasing the NMF and ceramide contents helps moisturise the skin.  (Kyoungmi Jung, 2021)

Collagen is a significant component of skin-moisturizing dietary supplements. Collagen peptides have been widely used in cosmetics to prevent skin ageing and maintain skin integrity. Collagen is a major structural protein of the extracellular matrix. It provides tensile strength and maintains cellular structure. Skin ageing induces structural changes in the extracellular matrix, such as decreases in the amount and length of collagen fibres. This reduces the elasticity of the dermal layer and causes deep wrinkles and dryness in the epidermal layer. As skin dryness is directly related to internal or external ageing, various agents are being developed to increase skin moisture, and collagen is one of their main ingredients.  (Kyoungmi Jung, 2021)

Based on the research, collagen ingestion helps to increase skin moisture and improve the skin barrier function by increasing NMF and ceramide contents in the Stratum corneum.  (Kyoungmi Jung, 2021)

How to Use:

Ceramide-enriched Moisturiser & Serum may work best when applied topically to lock in extra moisture. Soybeans, eggs, dairy, wheat germ, and brown rice are good sources of ceramides. Enlist these items in the diet to enhance the ceramide production in the skin.

Precaution:

Topical ceramides are generally considered safe. Although there isn’t any research or reports documenting adverse reactions, always do a patch test to determine how your skin will react. After applying a small amount of product on the skin, wait 24 hours. If any itching or other irritation and redness occurs, wash the affected area and discontinue use.

Frequently Asked Questions: 

1. Can ceramide cause acne?

No, Ceramide does not cause Acne. It helps to reduce acne problems on the skin.


2. Can ceramide mix with niacinamide?

Niacinamide, also known as vitamin B3, is beneficial for soothing skin, brightening, and helping manage skin prone to mild acne. Niacinamide shouldn’t be used simultaneously as an ingredient like vitamin C and hydroxy acids, but it works well in conjunction with ceramides to comfort the skin in multiple ways simultaneously.


3. Can ceramide cause purging?

Ceramide doesn’t cause purging. It helps to restore hydration and improve skin texture.

 

4. Can ceramide whiten skin?

Ceramides are the predominant lipid components of the stratum corneum. It helps to maintain our skin barrier healthy by controlling TEWL, protects from UV damage and makes skin hydrated and rejuvenated. Research said C2-ceramide significantly decreases the melanin content of the cells. So, it helps to make the skin whiten.

 

5. Can ceramide mix with vitamin C?

Yes, ceramide can mix with Vitamin C.

 

6. Can ceramide be used with alpha arbutin?

Yes, Ceramide can be used with alpha arbutin.

 

7. Can ceramide be used with retinol?

Yes, Ceramide can be used with retinol.

 

8. Can ceramide reduce acne?

Yes, Ceramide helps to reduce Acne.


9. Can ceramide treat acne?

Yes, Ceramide helps to reduce acne.


10. Can ceramide mix with salicylic acid?

Salicylic acid is a type of beta hydroxy acid (BHA) which helps slough away excess dead skin cells from the skin’s surface, helps manage excessive oily skin and reduces mild acne. Overuse of Salicylic acid can lead to sensitivity or dry skin. Mixing ceramides and salicylic acid in the same routine helps maintain hydration and protect skin barrier function.


11. Can ceramide clog pores?

No, Ceramide doesn’t clog the pores.


12. Can ceramide cause weight gain?

Numerous studies have shown that ceramides increase in people with obesity or metabolic disease.


13. Is Ceramide safe during pregnancy?

Most pregnant women develop skin changes, including physiological or hormonal changes, worsening of preexisting skin conditions, or the appearance of new dermatoses during pregnancy. Research said the most current and comprehensive information about topical products' efficacy and safety profile in pregnancy is necessary. Ceramide-containing topical products are safe to use in pregnancy.


14. Is ceramide good for dry skin?

Ceramide is excellent for dry skin.


15. Is Ceramide good for hair?

Ceramides stimulate hair growth by induction proliferation of human dermal papilla cells.


16. Is ceramide good for sensitive skin?

Yes, Ceramide is suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin.


17. Is ceramide a moisturiser?

Natural Ceramide is a lipid. Ceramide is one of the significant intercellular lipid matrices of the Stratum corneum. Ceramide, cholesterol, and fatty acids, the main components of keratinocyte interstitial lipids, are required for the permeability barrier.

Moisturisers containing these components are being developed. In particular, the concept of a physiological lipid mixture in which ceramide or pseudo ceramide, cholesterol, and free fatty acids are mixed in an ideal ratio of stratum corneum lipids is applied to moisturisers.


18. Is ceramide a peptide?

No, Ceramide is one of the significant intercellular lipid matrices of the skin’s Stratum corneum. At the same time, Peptides are a type of Amino acid.


19. Is ceramide comedogenic?

No, Ceramide is not comedogenic. It doesn’t clog the pores.


20. Is ceramide good for combination skin?

Ceramides are ideal for all skin types, including sensitive, break-out prone or oily skin.


21. Is ceramide safe?

It is safe to use all types of skin. A ceramide-containing product can make other ingredients, such as retinol, niacinamide, and vitamin C more effective.

 

22. When to use ceramides?

The skin is an effective barrier mainly due to the structure of the stratum corneum, its outermost layer. Ceramides are the main lipids in the stratum corneum, which play a key role in the barrier function. Alterations of ceramides or stratum corneum lipid composition result in skin disorders with barrier defects, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, dry skin etc.

Ceramides have been incorporated into conventional and novel carrier systems for topical delivery of ceramides to repair the skin’s barrier function. However, the penetration of ceramides into deeper layers of the skin is also controversial because of their high molecular weight and highly lipophilic character. Thus, in recent years, researchers have focused on developing novel carrier systems, such as microemulsions, to improve the potential for topical delivery of Ceramides through the skin.


23. When to use ceramide cream?

Ceramide cream increases skin hydration and improves barrier function, which may make it suitable for use on dry skin.

As a moisturiser, ceramides may work best when applied immediately following a shower to lock in extra moisture, and it’s also good to use before bed.

Suggested Research Papers for Further Reading:

Emine Kahraman, M. K. (2019, August 20). Recent Advances on Topical Application of Ceramides to Restore Barrier Function of Skin. MDPI Journals, vi(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6030052

         

Seok-Young Kang, J.-Y. U.-Y.-Y.-S.-C.-W.-O. ( 2022, July 1 ). Moisturizer in Patients with Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Medicina. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070888

 

PANAGOULA PAVLOU, A. S. (2021, September 17). Skin Care Formulations and Lipid Carriers as Skin Moisturizing Agents. Cosmetics. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8030089

 

References:

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